Lower Manhattan is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island,, the main island and center of business and government of the City of New York New York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over global commerce, finance, media, culture, art, fashion, research, education, and entertainment. As host of the. Lower Manhattan or "downtown" is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street 14th Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The street rivals the size of some of the well-known avenues of the city and is an important business location, on the west by the Hudson River The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south through eastern New York. It rises at Lake Tear of the Clouds, on the slopes of Mount Marcy in the Adirondack Mountains, flows past Albany, and finally forms the border between New York City and New Jersey at its mouth before emptying into Upper New York Bay. Its lower half is a, on the east by the East River The East River is a tidal strait in New York City. It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates Long Island from the island of Manhattan and the Bronx on the North American mainland. In reference to its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River, and on the south by New York Harbor New York Harbor refers to the waterways of the estuary near the mouth of the Hudson River that empty into New York Bay. Although the U.S. Board of Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. Originally used to refer to the Upper New York Bay, the term is also (also known as Upper New York Bay It is fed by the waters of the Hudson River , as well as the Gowanus Canal. It is connected to Lower New York Bay by the Narrows, to Newark Bay by the Kill Van Kull, and to Long Island Sound by the East River, which despite the name, is actually a tidal strait. It provides the main passage for the waters of the Hudson River as it empties through). When referring specifically to the lower Manhattan business district and its immediate environs, the northern border is commonly designated by thoroughfares approximately a mile-and-a-half south of 14th Street and a mile north of the island's southern tip: Chambers Street Chambers Street is a bi-directional street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs from River Terrace, Battery Park City, in the west, past PS 234 (the Independence School) and Stuyvesant High School to 1 Centre Street, the Manhattan Municipal Building‎, to the east. In the early 20th century the street continued through that building' from near the Hudson east to the Brooklyn Bridge The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. At 5,989 feet , it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and the first steel-wire suspension bridge entrances and overpass. Two other major arteries are also sometimes identified as the northern border of "lower" or "downtown Manhattan": Canal Street, roughly half a mile north of Chambers Street, and 23rd Street, roughly half a mile north of 14th Street. Anchored by Wall Street Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange; over time Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood. Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York City is the financial capital A financial centre is a global city that is a company and business hub, as well as being home to many world famous banks and/or stock exchanges of the world[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] and is home to the New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street in lower Manhattan, New York City, USA. It is the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$12.25 trillion as of May 2010. Average daily trading value was approximately US$153 billion in 2008, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies.

The lower Manhattan business district forms the core of the area below Chambers Street. It includes the Financial District - often referred to as Wall Street), after its primary artery - and the site of the World Trade Center The World Trade Center was a complex in Lower Manhattan in New York City whose seven buildings were destroyed in 2001 in the September 11 terrorist attacks. The site is currently being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers and a memorial to the casualties of the attacks. At the island's southern tip is Battery Park Battery Park is a 25-acre public park located at the Battery, the southern tip of the New York City borough of Manhattan, facing New York Harbor. The Battery is named for the artillery battery that was stationed there at various times by the Dutch and British in order to protect the settlements behind it. At the north end of the park is Pier A,; City Hall New York City Hall is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan between Broadway, Park Row and Chambers Street. The building itself is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions, such as the office of the Mayor of New York City and the chambers of the is just to the north of the Financial District. Also south of Chambers Street are the planned community A new town, planned community or planned city is a city, town, or community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in a more ad hoc fashion of Battery Park City Battery Park City is a 92-acre planned community at the southwestern tip of lower Manhattan in New York City, United States. The land upon which it stands was created on the Hudson River using 1.2 million cubic yards (917,000 m3) of dirt and rocks excavated during the construction of the World Trade Center and certain other construction projects, and the South Street Seaport The South Street Seaport is a historic area in the New York City borough of Manhattan, located where Fulton Street meets the East River, and adjacent to the Financial District. The Seaport is a designated historic district, distinct from the neighboring Financial District. It features some of the oldest architecture in downtown Manhattan, and historic area. The neighborhood of TriBeCa Tribeca is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York in the United States. Its name is a portmanteau composed of the words "Triangle below Canal Street". Tribeca is bounded by Canal Street, West Street, Cortlandt Alley, Broadway, and Chambers Street. Recent mega-project construction developments have attempted to nominally expand straddles Chambers on the west side; at the street's east end is the giant Manhattan Municipal Building The Manhattan Municipal Building, at 1 Centre Street in New York City, is a 40-story building built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 consolidation of The Five Boroughs. Construction began in 1909 and ended in 1915, marking the end of the City Beautiful movement in New York. Standing 580 feet tall, its highest. North of Chambers Street and the Brooklyn Bridge and south of Canal Street lies most of New York's oldest Chinatown Manhattan's Chinatown — a neighborhood of Manhattan — is an ethnic Chinese enclave with a large population of Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans as well as a long-standing Chinese cultural influence. Manhattan's Chinatown is one of the largest ethnic Chinese communities outside of Asia neighborhood. Many court buildings and other government offices are also located in this area. The Lower East Side The Lower East Side is a neighborhood in the southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is roughly bounded by Allen Street, E. Houston, Essex Street, Canal Street, Eldridge Street, East Broadway, and Grand Street. It has traditionally been an immigrant, working class neighborhood, but has undergone rapid gentrification in neighborhood straddles Canal. North of Canal and south of 14th Street are the neighborhoods of SoHo SoHo is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan in the United States. Prior to the mid-20th century, the area was known as Hell's Hundred Acres, and was described as an "industrial wasteland", busy with sweatshops and small factories in the daytime, but empty at night. Before that, it was an area with more bars and, the Meatpacking District, the West Village, Greenwich Village Greenwich Village , in New York often simply called "the Village", is a largely residential neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan in New York City. A large majority of the district is home to upper middle class families. Greenwich Village, however, was known in the late 19th to mid 20th centuries as the bohemian capital and, Little Italy Little Italy is a general name for an ethnic enclave populated primarily by Italians or people of Italian ancestry, usually in an urban neighborhood, Nolita, and the East Village The East Village is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It lies east of Greenwich Village, south of Gramercy and Stuyvesant Town, and north of the Lower East Side. Within the East Village there are several smaller neighborhoods, including Alphabet City and The Bowery. Between 14th and 23rd streets are lower Chelsea Chelsea is a neighborhood on the West Side of the Manhattan borough of New York City. It is located to the south of Hell's Kitchen and the Garment District starting at 34th Street, and north of Greenwich Village, and the Meatpacking District that centers on West 14th Street. West - East boundaries are from West Street to 5th Ave. below 23rd St,, Union Square Union Square is an important and historic intersection in New York City, located where Broadway and the former Bowery Road now 4th Avenue, came together in the early 19th century; its name celebrates neither the federal union nor labor unions but rather denotes the fact that "here was the union of the two principal thoroughfares of the island&, the Flatiron District, Gramercy, and the large residential development Peter Cooper Village—Stuyvesant Town.

Contents

History

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The Cooper Union The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art is a privately funded college in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Cooper Union, founded in 1859, established a radical new model of American higher education. Its mission reflects Peter Cooper's fundamental belief that education of the highest quality should be as "free as air and water& at Astor Place, where Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a country gave his famed Cooper Union speech, is one of downtown's most storied buildings. Lower Manhattan skyline, 1931 Union Square Union Square is an important and historic intersection in New York City, located where Broadway and the former Bowery Road now 4th Avenue, came together in the early 19th century; its name celebrates neither the federal union nor labor unions but rather denotes the fact that "here was the union of the two principal thoroughfares of the island& The Lower Manhattan skyline in 2008. The noticeable gap where the World Trade Center stood is visible towards the top of the image, where construction cranes can be seen. Manhattan Chinatown

The Dutch Catholicism, Protestantism , Nontheism established the first European settlements in Manhattan, which were located at the lower end of the island.[8] The first fort was built at the Battery Battery Park is a 25-acre public park located at the Battery, the southern tip of the New York City borough of Manhattan, facing New York Harbor. The Battery is named for the artillery battery that was stationed there at various times by the Dutch and British in order to protect the settlements behind it. At the north end of the park is Pier A, to protect New Netherland New Netherland, or Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch, was the seventeenth-century colonial province on the East Coast of North America of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The claimed territories were the lands from the Delmarva Peninsula to extreme southwestern Cape Cod. The settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York,. In 1771, Bear Market was established along the Hudson shore on land donated by Trinity Church, and replaced by Washington Market in 1813.[9] Washington Market was located between Barclay and Hubert Streets, and from Greenwich to West Street.[10] The area remains one of the few parts of Manhattan where the street grid system is largely irregular. Throughout the early decades of the 1900s, the area experienced a construction boom, with major towers such as 40 Wall Street 40 Wall Street is a 70-story skyscraper located in New York City. Originally known as the Bank of Manhattan Trust building, and also known as Manhattan Company Building, it was later known by its street address when its founding tenant merged to form the Chase Manhattan Bank and today is known as the The Trump Building. The building, located, the American International Building, Woolworth Building The Woolworth Building, at 57 stories, is one of the oldest—and one of the most famous—skyscrapers in New York City. More than 95 years after its construction, it is still one of the fifty tallest buildings in the United States as well as one of the twenty tallest buildings in New York City. The building is a National Historic Landmark, having, and 20 Exchange Place being erected.

In the 1950s, a few new buildings were constructed in lower Manhattan, including an 11-story building at 156 William Street in 1955.[11] A 27-story office building at 20 Broad Street, a 12-story building at 80 Pine Street, a 26-story building at 123 William Street, and a few others were built in 1957.[11] By the end of the decade, lower Manhattan had become economically depressed, in comparison with midtown Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or simply Midtown, is an area of Manhattan, New York City home to world-famous commercial zones such as Rockefeller Center, Broadway, and Times Square. Midtown Manhattan is home to the city's tallest and most famous buildings such as the Empire State Building and Chrysler Building, which was booming. David Rockefeller David Rockefeller, Sr. is an American and the current patriarch of the Rockefeller family. He is the youngest and only surviving child of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, and the only surviving grandchild of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil. His five deceased siblings are: Abby, John D. III, Nelson, spearheaded widespread urban renewal Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. Renewal has had both successes and failures. Its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s – under the rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a major impact efforts in lower Manhattan, beginning with construction One Chase Manhattan Plaza, the new headquarters for his bank. He established the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association (DLMA) which drew up plans for broader revitalization of lower Manhattan, with the development of a world trade center at the heart of these plans. The original DLMA plans called for the "world trade center" to be built along the East River The East River is a tidal strait in New York City. It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates Long Island from the island of Manhattan and the Bronx on the North American mainland. In reference to its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River, between Old Slip and Fulton Street. After negotiations with New Jersey The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 1600s, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The English later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is a bi-state port district, established in 1921 (as the Port of New York Authority) through an interstate compact, that runs most of the regional transportation infrastructure, including the bridges, tunnels, airports, and seaports, within the New York–New Jersey Port District. This 1,500 square decided to build the World Trade Center The World Trade Center was a complex in Lower Manhattan in New York City whose seven buildings were destroyed in 2001 in the September 11 terrorist attacks. The site is currently being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers and a memorial to the casualties of the attacks on a site along the Hudson River The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south through eastern New York. It rises at Lake Tear of the Clouds, on the slopes of Mount Marcy in the Adirondack Mountains, flows past Albany, and finally forms the border between New York City and New Jersey at its mouth before emptying into Upper New York Bay. Its lower half is a and the West Side Highway The West Side Highway is a mostly-surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan. It replaced the West Side Elevated Highway, built between 1929 and 1951, which was shut down in 1973 due to neglect and lack of maintenance, and was dismantled by 1989. The, rather than the East River site.[citation needed]

Through much of its history, the area south of Chambers Street was mainly a commercial district, with a small population of residents—in 1960, it was home to about 4,000.[12] Construction of Battery Park City Battery Park City is a 92-acre planned community at the southwestern tip of lower Manhattan in New York City, United States. The land upon which it stands was created on the Hudson River using 1.2 million cubic yards (917,000 m3) of dirt and rocks excavated during the construction of the World Trade Center and certain other construction projects,, on landfill from construction of the World Trade Center, brought many new residents to the area. Gateway Plaza, the first Battery Park City development, was finished in 1983. The project's centerpiece, the World Financial Center The World Financial Center is a complex of buildings across West Street from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan in New York City, overlooking the Hudson River. This complex is home to offices of companies including Merrill Lynch, the Wall Street Journal and American Express, as well as Dow Jones among others. The entire complex is, consists of four luxury highrise towers. By the turn of the century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street. Around this time, lower Manhattan reached its highest population of business tenants and full-time residents.[citation needed]

Since the early twentieth century, lower Manhattan has been an important center for the arts and leisure activities. Greenwich Village was a locus of bohemian The term bohemian, of French origin, was first used in the English language in the nineteenth century to describe the non-traditional lifestyles of marginalised and impoverished artists, writers, journalists, musicians, and actors in major European cities. Bohemians were associated with unorthodox or anti-establishment political or social culture from the first decade of the century through the 1980s. Several of the city's leading jazz clubs are still located in Greenwich Village, which was also one of the primary bases of the American folk music revival The American folk music revival was a phenomenon in the United States in the 1950s to mid-1960s. Its roots went earlier, and performers like Burl Ives, Woody Guthrie, and Cisco Houston had enjoyed a limited general popularity in decades prior to the 1950s. The revival brought forward musical styles that had, in earlier times, contributed to the of the 1960s. Many art galleries were located in SoHo between the 1970s and early 1990s; today, the downtown Manhattan gallery scene is centered in Chelsea. From the 1960s onward, lower Manhattan has been home to many alternative theater companies, constituting the heart of the Off-Off-Broadway Off-Off-Broadway refers to New York City theatrical productions in theatres that are smaller than Broadway and Off Broadway theatres. Off-Off-Broadway theaters are defined as theaters that have fewer than 100 seats. The shows range from professional productions by established artists to small amateur performances community. Punk rock and its derivatives emerged in the mid-1970s largely at two venues: CBGB on the Bowery, the western edge of the East Village, and Max's Kansas City on Park Avenue South. At the same time, the area's surfeit of reappropriated industrial lofts played an integral role in the development and sustenance of the minimalist composition, free jazz, and disco/electronic dance music subcultures. The area's many nightclubs and bars—though mostly shorn of the freewheeling iconoclasm, pioneering spirit, and do-it-yourself mentality that characterized the pregentrification era—still draw patrons from throughout the city and the surrounding region. In the early twenty-first century, the Meatpacking District, once the sparsely populated province of after-hours BDSM clubs and transgendered prostitutes, gained a reputation as New York's trendiest neighborhood.[13]

Historic sites

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The New York Stock Exchange

The most famous landmark[clarification needed] in lower Manhattan is now the former World Trade Center site. Before the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the Twin Towers were major New York icons.

The area contains many old and historic building and sites, including Castle Garden, originally the fort Castle Clinton, Bowling Green, the old United States Customs House, now the National Museum of the American Indian, Federal Hall, where George Washington was inaugurated as the first U.S. President, Fraunces Tavern, New York City Hall, the New York Stock Exchange, renovated original mercantile buildings of the South Street Seaport (and a modern tourist building), the Brooklyn Bridge, South Ferry, embarkation point for the Staten Island Ferry and ferries to Liberty Island and Ellis Island, and Trinity Church. Lower Manhattan is home to some of New York City's most spectacular skyscrapers, including the Woolworth Building, 40 Wall Street (also known as the Trump Building), the Standard Oil Building at 26 Broadway, and the American International Building.

In fiction

In terms of atmosphere, Batman writer and editor Dennis O'Neil has said that, figuratively, "Batman's Gotham City is Manhattan below Fourteenth Street at eleven minutes past midnight on the coldest night in November."[14]

Recovery and future

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After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, lower Manhattan lost much of its economy and office space. While the area's economy has rebounded significantly, as of April 2010, the enormous site once occupied by the World Trade Center site remains under construction. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation plans to rebuild downtown Manhattan, by adding new streets, buildings, and office space.

The Lower Manhattan skyline before the September 11, 2001 attacks, from the Staten Island Ferry in December of 1991. The Lower Manhattan skyline after September 11, in 2006.

Defining downtown

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See also: Downtown Chess players in Washington Square Park

Downtown in the context of Manhattan, and of New York City generally, has different meanings to different people, especially depending on where in the city they reside. Residents of the island or of The Bronx generally speak of going "downtown" to refer to any southbound excursion to any Manhattan destination.[15] A declaration that one is going to be "downtown" may indicate a plan to be anywhere south of 14th Street—the definition of downtown according to the city's official tourism marketing organization[15]—or even 23rd Street.[16] The full phrase downtown Manhattan may also refer more specifically to the area of Manhattan south of Canal Street.[12] Within business-related contexts, many people use the term downtown Manhattan to refer only to the Financial District and the corporate offices in the immediate vicinity. For instance, the Business Improvement District managed by the Alliance for Downtown New York defines Downtown as South of Murray Street (essentially South of New York City Hall), which includes the World Trade Center area and the Financial District. The phrase lower Manhattan may apply to any of these definitions: the broader ones often if the speaker is discussing the area in relation to the rest of the city; more restrictive ones, again, if the focus is on business matters or on the early colonial and post-colonial history of the island.[citation needed]

As reflected in popular culture, "downtown" in Manhattan has historically represented a place where one could "forget all your troubles, forget all your cares, and go Downtown," as the lyrics of Petula Clark's 1964 hit "Downtown" celebrate. The protagonist of Billy Joel's 1983 hit "Uptown Girl" contrasts himself (a "downtown man") with the purportedly staid uptown world.[17] Likewise, the chorus of Neil Young's 1995 single "Downtown" urges "Let's have a party, downtown all right."

Government and infrastructure

Prior to the September 11 attacks, the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey were located in the World Trade Center.[18]

Economy

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Lower Manhattan is the fourth largest business district in the United States, after Midtown Manhattan, the Chicago Loop, and Washington, D.C., and will regain the title of 3rd after the completion of 1 World Trade Center, also known as Freedom Tower. [citation needed]

After the September 11 attacks occurred, many companies which had operations in Lower Manhattan began negotiations to lease office space outside of Lower Manhattan.[19]

The headquarters of AOL are located at 770 Broadway.[20] The headquarters of Verizon Communications are located at 140 West Street.[21] The headquarters of Ambac Financial Group are in Lower Manhattan.[22] The headquarters of PR Newswire are in Lower Manhattan.[23]

Prior to the September 11 attacks, One World Trade Center served as the headquarters of Cantor Fitzgerald.[24] Prior to its dissolution, the headquarters of US Helicopter were in Lower Manhattan.[25]

Education

Higher education

Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) is part of the large City University of New York (CUNY) system

Institutions of higher education in Manhattan south of 14th Street include:

Primary and secondary education

Public schools

Stuyvesant High School

The New York City Department of Education operates New York City's public schools. The northeastern corner of lower Manhattan is covered by New York City School District 1, whose northern border is 14th Street. The rest of the area lies within School District 2, which covers midtown and part of upper Manhattan as well. District 1 is served by over twenty elementary and middle schools. The district's high schools include:

Public high schools in District 2 south of 14th Street include:

Private schools

Private schools in the area include:

Parochial schools

Parochial schools in the area include:

See also

New York City portal

References

  1. ^ "The World's Most Expensive Real Estate Markets". CNBC. http://www.cnbc.com/id/29862382/The_World_s_Most_Expensive_Real_Estate_Markets?slide=9. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  2. ^ "The Best 301 Business Schools 2010 by Princeton Review, Nedda Gilbert". http://books.google.com/books?id=dWA7aEbsy8QC&pg=PA154&dq=new+york+financial+capital+of+the+world+2010&hl=en&ei=SAMCTPyfO8P6lwe73OCiCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=new%20york%20financial%20capital%20of%20the%20world%202010&f=false. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  3. ^ "Financial Capital of the World: NYC". Wired New York/Bloomberg. http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=22541. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  4. ^ "The Tax Capital of the World". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123940286075109617.html. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  5. ^ "JustOneMinute - Editorializing From The Financial Capital Of The World". http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/2010/04/editorializing-from-the-financial-capital-of-the-world.html. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  6. ^ "London may have the IPOs...". Marketwatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/credit-crunch-shows-new-york-is-still-worlds-financial-capital/. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  7. ^ "Fondos - Londres versus Nueva York" (PDF). Cinco Dias. http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/mercados/Londres-versus-Nueva-York/20080901cdscdimer_3/cdsmer/. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  8. ^ Rankin, Rebecca B., Cleveland Rodgers (1948). New York: the World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper.
  9. ^ "A Public Market for Lower Manhattan" (PDF). New York City Council. http://www.nyccouncil.info/pdf_files/reports/publicmarket.pdf.
  10. ^ Millstein, Gilbert (April 24, 1960). "Restless Ports for the City's Food". The New York Times.
  11. ^ a b Bartnett, Edmond J. (December 25, 1960). "Building Activity Soars Downtown". The New York Times.
  12. ^ a b Brown, Charles H. (January 31, 1960). "'Downtown' Enters a New Era". The New York Times.
  13. ^ Steinberg, Jon (2004-08-18). "Meatpacking District Walking Tour". New York Magazine. http://nymag.com/visitorsguide/neighborhoods/meatpacking.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
  14. ^ O'Neil, Dennis. Afterword. Batman: Knightfall, A Novel. New York: Bantam Books, 1994. 344.
  15. ^ a b NYC Basics, NYCvisit.com. Retrieved on December 2, 2007.
  16. ^ See, e.g., Hotels: Downtown below 23rd Street, Time Out New York; "Residents Angered By Bar Noise In Downtown Manhattan", NY 1 News, March 3, 2006. Both retrieved on December 3, 2007.
  17. ^ Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, 1880-1950 by Professor Robert M Fogelson. Yale University Press, 2003. ISBN 0300098278. pg 3
  18. ^ "About the Port Authority." Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. June 22, 2000. Retrieved on January 22, 2010.
  19. ^ Bagli, Charles V. and Leslie Eaton. "AFTER THE ATTACKS: THE EXODUS; Seeking New Space, Companies Search Far From Wall St." The New York Times. September 14, 2001. Retrieved on January 22, 2010.
  20. ^ "Company Overview." AOL. Retrieved on May 7, 2009.
  21. ^ "Customer Support Contacts." Verizon Communications. Retrieved on February 18, 2009.
  22. ^ "Contact Us." Ambac Financial Group. Retrieved on December 11, 2009.
  23. ^ "Worldwide Offices." PR Newswire. Retrieved on February 27, 2010.
  24. ^ "office locations." Cantor Fitzgerald. March 4, 2000. Retrieved on October 4, 2009.
  25. ^ "Contact Us." US Helicopter. Retrieved on September 25, 2009.

External links

Neighborhoods in the New York City Borough of Manhattan

Alphabet City · Astor Row · Battery Park City · Bowery · Carnegie Hill · Chelsea · Chinatown · Civic Center · Columbus Circle · Cooperative Village · Diamond District · East Village · Financial District · Five Points · Flatiron District · Garment District · Gramercy Park · Greenwich Village · Hamilton Heights · Harlem · Hell's Kitchen · Herald Square · Hudson Heights · Hudson Yards · Inwood · Kips Bay · Koreatown · Lenox Hill · Le Petit Senegal · Liberty Island · Lincoln Square · Little Germany · Little Italy · Loisaida · Lower East Side · Lower Manhattan · Madison Square · Manhattan Valley · Manhattanville · Marble Hill · Marcus Garvey Park · Meatpacking District · Midtown Manhattan · Morningside Heights · Murray Hill · NoHo · Nolita · NoMad · Peter Cooper Village · Polo Grounds · Radio Row · Randall's Island · Roosevelt Island · Rose Hill · San Juan Hill · SoHo · South Street Seaport · South Village · Spanish Harlem · Strivers' Row · Stuyvesant Town · Sugar Hill · Sutton Place · Tenderloin · Theatre District · Times Square · TriBeCa · Tudor City · Turtle Bay · Two Bridges · Union Square · Upper East Side · Upper Manhattan · Upper West Side · Ward's Island · Washington Heights · Waterside Plaza · West Village · Yorkville
Community Boards: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12

Categories: Neighborhoods in Manhattan | Economy of New York City | Central business districts in the United States

 

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'Lower Manhattan' News
Topping Out Beekman's 867 Feet - New York Observer
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Topping Out Beekman's 867 Feet

New York Observer

Filling half of Beekman Street at the Lower Manhattan tower's base, Mr. Ratner and a host of union officials and others involved in the project all lauded ...

Ratner And Gehry's Beekman Tower Topped Off Gothamist



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